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          对C中函数名和数组名的一些理解
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<p>参考文章：</p>
<p>https://blog.csdn.net/lin37985/article/details/43020621</p>
<p>https://www.zhihu.com/question/293674445</p>
<p>https://www.cnblogs.com/liqiuhao/p/7737539.html</p>
<h4 id="前言">前言：</h4>
<p>在想实现一个通用性高的链表的时候想用回调函数，但是只知道可以用函数指针来实现，而且自己的函数指针也只是停留在老师教的层次，没有怎么用过，在百度了用法之后，感觉有些不正常，记录下，以后可能会再用到；</p>
<h4 id="正篇">正篇：</h4>
<p>我接触C的函数指针时学到的用法如下：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">void func(int a)&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    printf(&quot;%d \n&quot;, a);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">int main()&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    void (*fp)(int) &#x3D; &amp;func;</span><br><span class="line">    (*fp)(2);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>上面的例子定义了一个函数指针fp，并通过fp来调用函数func，这里的用法很正常，符合一般指针的使用方式</p>
<p>先把func的地址给fp，在通过*fp访问func。</p>
<p>再看回调函数的一般用法</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br><span class="line">22</span><br><span class="line">23</span><br><span class="line">24</span><br><span class="line">25</span><br><span class="line">26</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">typedef void (*FuncType)(int);&#x2F;&#x2F;定义一个函数指针类型FunType</span><br><span class="line">void MyFun1(int x);</span><br><span class="line">void MyFun2(int x);</span><br><span class="line">void MyFun3(int x);</span><br><span class="line">void CallMyFun(int, FunType)</span><br><span class="line">int main()&#123;</span><br><span class="line">   CallMyFun(MyFun1,10); </span><br><span class="line">   CallMyFun(MyFun2,20);</span><br><span class="line">   CallMyFun(MyFun3,30);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">void CallMyFun(FunType fp,int x) </span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">   fp(x);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">void MyFun1(int x) </span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">   printf(&quot;函数MyFun1中输出：%d\n&quot;,x);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">void MyFun2(int x)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">   printf(&quot;函数MyFun2中输出：%d\n&quot;,x);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line">void MyFun3(int x)</span><br><span class="line">&#123;</span><br><span class="line">   printf(&quot;函数MyFun3中输出：%d\n&quot;,x);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>我感觉奇怪的地方在函数指针调用的时候（CallMyFun中)：</p>
<p>在上面基础的用法是：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">fp &#x3D; &amp;func;(*fp)(1);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>这里的用法是：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">fp &#x3D; funcfp(1);</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>甚至在看了博客后还有这样的用法（这个用法还是有惊艳到我的）</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">(*func)(1);&#x2F;&#x2F;func是函数名</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>怪的地方来了，<strong>可以通过函数名，函数名的地址，甚至是函数名指向的内容来引用函数</strong></p>
<p>难道说这三个值是一样的？于是去试了一下</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">void func(int a)&#123; </span><br><span class="line">    printf(&quot;%d \n&quot;, a); </span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">int main()&#123;</span><br><span class="line">    void (*fp)(int) &#x3D; &amp;func;</span><br><span class="line">    (*fp)(1);</span><br><span class="line">    fp(1);</span><br><span class="line">    fp &#x3D; func;</span><br><span class="line">    fp(1);</span><br><span class="line">    (*func)(1);</span><br><span class="line">    printf(&quot;func: %p\n&quot;, func);</span><br><span class="line">    printf(&quot;&amp;func: %p\n&quot;, &amp;func);</span><br><span class="line">    printf(&quot;*func: %p\n&quot;, *func);</span><br><span class="line">    return 0;</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>上机运行后发现三个值确实一样，但为什么回事这个结果？会是编译器的特殊处理吗？函数名不是函数的入口地址吗？起始内容不应该是函数内容相关的指令吗？</p>
<p>看了看博客给的解释：</p>
<p>1）其实，MyFun的函数名与FunP函数指针都是一样的，即都是函数指针。MyFun函数名是一个函数指针常量，而FunP是一个函数数指针变量，这是它们的关系。
2）但函数名调用如果都得如(*MyFun)(10)这样，那书写与读起来都是不方便和不习惯的。所以C语言的设计者们才会设计成又可允许MyFun(10)这种形式地调用（这样方便多了并与数学中的函数形式一样，不是吗？）。
3）为统一起见，FunP函数指针变量也可以FunP(10)的形式来调用。
4）赋值时，即可FunP = &amp;MyFun形式，也可FunP = MyFun。</p>
<p>他给的解释也没有提到具体的实现细节。而且描述的不是很清晰，不是那么的让人接受。。。</p>
<p>终于知乎上(参考文章第二篇)看到了一个让人满意的答案：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br><span class="line">13</span><br><span class="line">14</span><br><span class="line">15</span><br><span class="line">16</span><br><span class="line">17</span><br><span class="line">18</span><br><span class="line">19</span><br><span class="line">20</span><br><span class="line">21</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">func 得到函数地址，是因为它是函数指示符。只有在作为 sizeof 或者单目 &amp; 操作符的操作数时，它的类型才是函数；其它情况都会被转化为指向该函数的指针。</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">A function designator is an expression that has function type. Except when it is the operand of the sizeof operator or the unary &amp; operator, a function designator with type &#39;&#39;function returning type&#39;&#39; is converted to an expression that has type &#39;&#39;pointer to function returning type&#39;&#39;.</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">6.3.2.1 Lvalues, arrays, and function designators</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">&amp;func 得到函数地址，是因为单目 &amp; 操作符本来就是用来取操作数的地址的。而根据上一条，此处操作数的类型就是 func 函数，所以这个表达式可以得到 func 函数的地址。</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">The unary &amp; operator yields the address of its operand.</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">6.5.3.2 Address and indirection operators</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">*func 得到函数地址，是因为本来就有相关的规定，表达式 *函数 的值是对应的函数指示符，于是参见第一条。</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">The unary * operator denotes indirection. If the operand points to a function, the result is a function designator;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">6.5.3.2 Address and indirection operators</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">p.s. 以上引用内容为 C99</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">p.p.s. 数组同理，并且文档都在这些条目的周边。</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>数组的相关内容(参考文章第三篇)：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">C99 6.3.2.1 Lvalues, arrays, and function designators 中第三段是这样说的：</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">Except when it is the operand of the sizeof operator or the unary &amp; operator, or is a</span><br><span class="line">string literal used to initialize an array, an expression that has type ‘‘array of type’’ is</span><br><span class="line">converted to an expression with type ‘‘pointer to type’’ that points to the initial element of</span><br><span class="line">the array object and is not an lvalue. If the array object has register storage class, the</span><br><span class="line">behavior is undefined.</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">译：除了在使用sizeof和&amp;运算符或者使用字符串字面量初始化数组之外，一个含有数组名的表达式会转化为含有指向首元素的表达式，并且转化后不是一个左值（这也是为什么我们不能修改这个标志符，例如val++，所以有的人也会说数组名是一个const指针，从本质上说这也是错的）。如果数组的存储类型是寄存器的话，行为是未定义的。（估计也没人这么做吧。。）</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>数组名不是首地址指针，数组名是一个标识符，它标识出我们之前申请的一连串内存空间，而且这个空间内的元素类型是相同的——<strong>即数组名代表的是一个内存块及这个内存块中的元素类型</strong>
。<strong>只是在大多数情况下数组名会“退化”（C标准使用的decay和converted这两个词）为指向第一个元素的指针。</strong></p>
<p>这里也解释了这个：</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">void func(int* );</span><br><span class="line">int main()&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	a[10];</span><br><span class="line">	printf(&quot;%d \n&quot;, sizeof(a));&#x2F;&#x2F;40(sizeof是运算符，不是函数)</span><br><span class="line">	func(a);</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br><span class="line"></span><br><span class="line">func(int a[])&#123;</span><br><span class="line">	printf(&quot;%d \n&quot;, sizeof(a));&#x2F;&#x2F;8(64位os下)</span><br><span class="line">&#125;</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>对于数组指针(int (*p) [5]的解释：</p>
<p>p表示的是一个<strong>指向一个元素类型为整数，元素个数为5的内存块的指针</strong></p>
<p>到这里，虽然他们的数据内容一致，但还要注意一下数据的类型：
在数组上尤其是，因为数组指针的操做平时还是有用到的，函数指针除了用来引用函数，也不会去做一些类似数组指针的操作，而且有些操做也不允许。。。。。</p>

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